Thomas Jefferson University

George Brainard

TitleProfessor ETO
InstitutionThomas Jefferson University
DepartmentNeurology
Address1025 Walnut St.
Philadelphia PA 19107
Phone215-955-7644
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    INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL COMMITTEES

    National Institute of Mental Health, Psychobiology Branch: Consultant for experimental light therapy, 1986-1989.

    NASA, Lighting design of space vehicle and space craft interiors: space shuttle, space station and space laboratory, 1987-present.

    Inter-Society Color Council, Co-Chairman Committee on Physiological Response to Color, 1988-1994.

    Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms, Chairman, Federal and Industrial Relations Committee, 1989-1992.

    Illumination Engineering Society of North America, Chairman Photobiology Committee, 1990-2000.

    Bio-Brite, Inc., Chairman, Scientific Advisory Board, 1991-present.

    Commission International De L'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination),

    United States National Committee, Chairman Photobiology Committee (Division 6), 1992-present.

    Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms, Chairman, Membership Committee, 1992-1996.

    Temple University, Center for Frontier Sciences, Advisory Board, 1997-present.

    European Pineal and Biological Rhythms Society, Board of Directors, 1999-present.

    Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms, Board of Directors, 2000-present.

    NASA, National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Member Human Performance Factors, Sleep and Chronobiology Team, 2001-present.

    NASA, National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Associate Team Leader Human Performance Factors, Sleep and Chronobiology Team, 2002-present.


    UNIVERSITY COMMITTEES

    Animal Review Committee, Chairman, 1985-1988
    Postgraduate Recommendation (Dean's Letters) Committee, 1988-1991
    Delaware/Jefferson Medical Scholars Program Committee, 1988-1992
    Student Affairs Committee, 1991-1995
    Jefferson Medical College LCME Task Force, 1992-1993
    First Years Course Coordinators Committee, 1992-present
    Instruction and Research Computing Planning Group, 1993-1994
    Faculty Advisor, Ars Medica, 1988-present
    Faculty Advisor, Neurology Club, 1992-present
    Faculty Advisor, Environmental Club, 1993-present
    Pennsylvania Generalist Advisory Committee, 1995-1997
    Curriculum Committee, 1995-present
    Faculty Club Board Member, 1997-2001
    Faculty Club President, 2000-2001
    Jefferson Medical College Professional Development Task Force, 2000-2001
    Jefferson Medical College LCME Committee, 1998-present
    Jefferson Medical College First Year Curriculum Task Force, 2001-present
    Thomas Jefferson University Food Service Committee, 2001-present
    Jefferson Medical College Nominating Committee Chairman, 2001-2005
    Year 1 Curriculum Revision Task Force, 2003-present



    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Grant LK, Kent BA, Rahman SA, St Hilaire MA, Kirkley CL, Gregory KB, Clark T, Hanifin JP, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Brainard GC, Lockley SW, Flynn-Evans EE. The effect of a dynamic lighting schedule on neurobehavioral performance during a 45-day simulated space mission. Sleep Adv. 2024; 5(1):zpae032. PMID: 38903700.
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    2. Lucas RJ, Allen AE, Brainard GC, Brown TM, Dauchy RT, Didikoglu A, Do MTH, Gaskill BN, Hattar S, Hawkins P, Hut RA, McDowell RJ, Nelson RJ, Prins JB, Schmidt TM, Takahashi JS, Verma V, Voikar V, Wells S, Peirson SN. Recommendations for measuring and standardizing light for laboratory mammals to improve welfare and reproducibility in animal research. PLoS Biol. 2024 Mar; 22(3):e3002535. PMID: 38470868.
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    3. Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE. Light: An Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2024 03 01; 63(2):116-147. PMID: 38211974.
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    4. Grant LK, Gooley JJ, St Hilaire MA, Joffe H, Brainard GC, Van Reen E, R?ger M, Rajaratnam SMW, Lockley SW, Czeisler CA, Rahman SA. A pilot study of light exposure as a countermeasure for menstrual phase-dependent neurobehavioral performance impairment in women. Sleep Health. 2024 Feb; 10(1S):S34-S40. PMID: 37748973.
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    5. St Hilaire MA, ?mundad?ttir ML, Rahman SA, Rajaratnam SMW, R?ger M, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Andersen M, Gooley JJ, Lockley SW. The spectral sensitivity of human circadian phase resetting and melatonin suppression to light changes dynamically with light duration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 12 20; 119(51):e2205301119. PMID: 36508661.
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    6. Gibbons RB, Bhagavathula R, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Impact of Solid State Roadway Lighting on Melatonin in Humans. Clocks Sleep. 2022 Nov 18; 4(4):633-657. PMID: 36412582.
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    7. Rahman SA, Kent BA, Grant LK, Clark T, Hanifin JP, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Brainard GC, St Hilaire MA, Lockley SW. Effects of dynamic lighting on circadian phase, self-reported sleep and performance during a 45-day space analog mission with chronic variable sleep deficiency. J Pineal Res. 2022 Nov; 73(4):e12826. PMID: 35996978.
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    8. Rahman SA, St Hilaire MA, Grant LK, Barger LK, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Klerman EB, Lockley SW. Dynamic lighting schedules to facilitate circadian adaptation to shifted timing of sleep and wake. J Pineal Res. 2022 Aug; 73(1):e12805. PMID: 35501292.
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    9. Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, M?nch M, O'Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC, Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol. 2022 03; 20(3):e3001571. PMID: 35298459.
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    10. Brainard GC. Foreword. Prog Brain Res. 2022; 273(1):xvii-xix. PMID: 35940727.
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    11. Grant LK, St Hilaire MA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW, Rahman SA. Endogenous circadian regulation and phase resetting of clinical metabolic biomarkers. J Pineal Res. 2021 Sep; 71(2):e12752. PMID: 34118084.
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    12. Rahman SA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Spectral sensitivity of circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression and acute alerting effects of intermittent light exposure. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 09; 191:114504. PMID: 33711285.
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    13. Hanifin JP, Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Hill SM, Brainard GC. Relevance of Electrical Light on Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Regulation in Laboratory Animal Facilities. ILAR J. 2020 10 19; 60(2):150-158. PMID: 33094817.
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    14. Grant LK, Gooley JJ, St Hilaire MA, Rajaratnam SMW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW, Rahman SA. Menstrual phase-dependent differences in neurobehavioral performance: the role of temperature and the progesterone/estradiol ratio. Sleep. 2020 02 13; 43(2). PMID: 31670824.
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    15. Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Hoffman AE, Xiang S, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Anbalagan M, Dupepe LM, Dobek GL, Belancio VP, Dauchy EM, Hill SM. Influence of Daytime LED Light Exposure on Circadian Regulatory Dynamics of Metabolism and Physiology in Mice. Comp Med. 2019 10 01; 69(5):350-373. PMID: 31540584.
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    16. Gleason JD, Oishi M, Simkulet M, Tuzikas A, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Brueck SRJ, Karlicek RF, Brown LK. Smart Lighting Clinical Testbed Pilot Study on Circadian Phase Advancement. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2019; 7:3200110. PMID: 32309057.
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    17. Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Cecil K, West K, Jablonski M, Warfield B, James M, Ayers M, Byrne B, Gerner E, Pineda C, Rollag M, Brainard GC. Randomized trial of polychromatic blue-enriched light for circadian phase shifting, melatonin suppression, and alerting responses. Physiol Behav. 2019 01 01; 198:57-66. PMID: 30296404.
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    18. Brainard GC, Barger LK, Soler RR, Hanifin JP. The development of lighting countermeasures for sleep disruption and circadian misalignment during spaceflight. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016 11; 22(6):535-44. PMID: 27607152.
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    19. Dauchy RT, Wren-Dail MA, Hoffman AE, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Hill SM, Belancio VP, Dauchy EM, Blask DE. Effects of Daytime Exposure to Light from Blue-Enriched Light-Emitting Diodes on the Nighttime Melatonin Amplitude and Circadian Regulation of Rodent Metabolism and Physiology. Comp Med. 2016; 66(5):373-383. PMID: 27780004.
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    20. Dauchy RT, Hoffman AE, Wren-Dail MA, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Xiang S, Yuan L, Hill SM, Belancio VP, Dauchy EM, Smith K, Blask DE. Daytime Blue Light Enhances the Nighttime Circadian Melatonin Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Growth. Comp Med. 2015 Dec; 65(6):473-85. PMID: 26678364.
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    21. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Stone MK, James ME, Ayers M, Kubey A, Byrne B, Rollag M. Short-wavelength enrichment of polychromatic light enhances human melatonin suppression potency. J Pineal Res. 2015 Apr; 58(3):352-61. PMID: 25726691.
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    22. Dauchy RT, Wren MA, Dauchy EM, Hoffman AE, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Jablonski MR, Brainard GC, Hill SM, Mao L, Dobek GL, Dupepe LM, Blask DE. The influence of red light exposure at night on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015 Jan; 54(1):40-50. PMID: 25651090.
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    23. deHaro D, Kines KJ, Sokolowski M, Dauchy RT, Streva VA, Hill SM, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Belancio VP. Regulation of L1 expression and retrotransposition by melatonin and its receptor: implications for cancer risk associated with light exposure at night. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jul; 42(12):7694-707. PMID: 24914052.
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    24. Rahman SA, Flynn-Evans EE, Aeschbach D, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Diurnal spectral sensitivity of the acute alerting effects of light. Sleep. 2014 Feb 01; 37(2):271-81. PMID: 24501435.
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    25. Wren MA, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Hill SM, Ooms TG, Bohm RP. Effect of different spectral transmittances through tinted animal cages on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2014 Jan; 53(1):44-51. PMID: 24411779.
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    26. Stevens RG, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Lockley SW, Motta ME. Breast cancer and circadian disruption from electric lighting in the modern world. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 May-Jun; 64(3):207-18. PMID: 24604162.
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    27. Lucas RJ, Peirson SN, Berson DM, Brown TM, Cooper HM, Czeisler CA, Figueiro MG, Gamlin PD, Lockley SW, O'Hagan JB, Price LL, Provencio I, Skene DJ, Brainard GC. Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age. Trends Neurosci. 2014 Jan; 37(1):1-9. PMID: 24287308.
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    28. Dauchy RT, Wren MA, Dauchy EM, Hanifin JP, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Hill SM, Mao L, Dupepe LM, Ooms TG, Blask DE. Effect of spectral transmittance through red-tinted rodent cages on circadian metabolism and physiology in nude rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2013 Nov; 52(6):745-55. PMID: 24351763.
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    29. Stevens RG, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Lockley SW, Motta ME. Adverse health effects of nighttime lighting: comments on American Medical Association policy statement. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Sep; 45(3):343-6. PMID: 23953362.
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    30. Ge D, Dauchy RT, Liu S, Zhang Q, Mao L, Dauchy EM, Blask DE, Hill SM, Rowan BG, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Cecil KS, Xiong Z, Myers L, You Z. Insulin and IGF1 enhance IL-17-induced chemokine expression through a GSK3B-dependent mechanism: a new target for melatonin's anti-inflammatory action. J Pineal Res. 2013 Nov; 55(4):377-87. PMID: 24033914.
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    31. Monti DA, Kash KM, Kunkel EJ, Moss A, Mathews M, Brainard G, Anne R, Leiby BE, Pequinot E, Newberg AB. Psychosocial benefits of a novel mindfulness intervention versus standard support in distressed women with breast cancer. Psychooncology. 2013 Nov; 22(11):2565-75. PMID: 23873790.
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    32. Dauchy RT, Dauchy EM, Hanifin JP, Gauthreaux SL, Mao L, Belancio VP, Ooms TG, Dupepe LM, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, Wren MA, Brainard GC, Hill SM, Blask DE. Effects of spectral transmittance through standard laboratory cages on circadian metabolism and physiology in nude rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2013 Mar; 52(2):146-56. PMID: 23562097.
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    33. Roecklein KA, Wong PM, Miller MA, Donofry SD, Kamarck ML, Brainard GC. Melanopsin, photosensitive ganglion cells, and seasonal affective disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Mar; 37(3):229-39. PMID: 23286902.
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    34. Monti DA, Kash KM, Kunkel EJ, Brainard G, Wintering N, Moss AS, Rao H, Zhu S, Newberg AB. Changes in cerebral blood flow and anxiety associated with an 8-week mindfulness programme in women with breast cancer. Stress Health. 2012 Dec; 28(5):397-407. PMID: 23129559.
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    35. R?ger M, St Hilaire MA, Brainard GC, Khalsa SB, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Human phase response curve to a single 6.5 h pulse of short-wavelength light. J Physiol. 2013 Jan 01; 591(1):353-63. PMID: 23090946.
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    36. Barger LK, Sullivan JP, Vincent AS, Fiedler ER, McKenna LM, Flynn-Evans EE, Gilliland K, Sipes WE, Smith PH, Brainard GC, Lockley SW. Learning to live on a Mars day: fatigue countermeasures during the Phoenix Mars Lander mission. Sleep. 2012 Oct 01; 35(10):1423-35. PMID: 23024441.
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    37. Mao L, Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Slakey LM, Xiang S, Yuan L, Dauchy EM, Shan B, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Frasch T, Duplessis TT, Hill SM. Circadian gating of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells via melatonin-regulation of GSK3?. Mol Endocrinol. 2012 Nov; 26(11):1808-20. PMID: 23002080.
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    38. West KE, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, Cecil KS, James M, Ayers MA, Maida J, Bowen C, Sliney DH, Rollag MD, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC. Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Mar; 110(3):619-26. PMID: 21164152.
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    39. Gooley JJ, Rajaratnam SM, Brainard GC, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Spectral responses of the human circadian system depend on the irradiance and duration of exposure to light. Sci Transl Med. 2010 May 12; 2(31):31ra33. PMID: 20463367.
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    40. Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Circadian stage-dependent inhibition of human breast cancer metabolism and growth by the nocturnal melatonin signal: consequences of its disruption by light at night in rats and women. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009 Dec; 8(4):347-53. PMID: 20042410.
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    41. Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, Veloski J, Gonnella JS. The devil is in the third year: a longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med. 2009 Sep; 84(9):1182-91. PMID: 19707055.
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    42. Brainard GC, Sliney D, Hanifin JP, Glickman G, Byrne B, Greeson JM, Jasser S, Gerner E, Rollag MD. Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420-nm) light. J Biol Rhythms. 2008 Oct; 23(5):379-86. PMID: 18838601.
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    43. Greeson JM, Rosenzweig S, Halbert SC, Cantor IS, Keener MT, Brainard GC. Integrative medicine research at an academic medical center: patient characteristics and health-related quality-of-life outcomes. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Jul; 14(6):763-7. PMID: 18620477.
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    44. Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Aeschbach D, Gooley JJ, Brainard GC, Gregory-Evans K, Rizzo JF, Czeisler CA, Foster RG, Moseley MJ, Lockley SW. Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina. Curr Biol. 2007 Dec 18; 17(24):2122-8. PMID: 18082405.
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    45. Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Rea MS, Reinlib L. Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Sep; 115(9):1357-62. PMID: 17805428.
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    46. Hanifin JP, Brainard GC. Photoreception for circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation. J Physiol Anthropol. 2007 Mar; 26(2):87-94. PMID: 17435349.
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    47. Jasser SA, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Dim light adaptation attenuates acute melatonin suppression in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2006 Oct; 21(5):394-404. PMID: 16998159.
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    48. Monti DA, Peterson C, Kunkel EJ, Hauck WW, Pequignot E, Rhodes L, Brainard GC. A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) for women with cancer. Psychooncology. 2006 May; 15(5):363-73. PMID: 16288447.
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    49. Jasser SA, Blask DE, Brainard GC. Light during darkness and cancer: relationships in circadian photoreception and tumor biology. Cancer Causes Control. 2006 May; 17(4):515-23. PMID: 16596305.
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    50. Lockley SW, Evans EE, Scheer FA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D. Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep. 2006 Feb; 29(2):161-8. PMID: 16494083.
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    51. Hanifin JP, Stewart KT, Smith P, Tanner R, Rollag M, Brainard GC. High-intensity red light suppresses melatonin. Chronobiol Int. 2006; 23(1-2):251-68. PMID: 16687299.
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    52. Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Davidson LK, Krause JA, Sauer LA, Rivera-Bermudez MA, Dubocovich ML, Jasser SA, Lynch DT, Rollag MD, Zalatan F. Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 01; 65(23):11174-84. PMID: 16322268.
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    53. Glickman G, Byrne B, Pineda C, Hauck WW, Brainard GC. Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with blue narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 15; 59(6):502-7. PMID: 16165105.
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    54. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Photons, clocks, and consciousness. J Biol Rhythms. 2005 Aug; 20(4):314-25. PMID: 16077151.
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    55. Fucci RL, Gardner J, Hanifin JP, Jasser S, Byrne B, Gerner E, Rollag M, Brainard GC. Toward optimizing lighting as a countermeasure to sleep and circadian disruption in space flight. Acta Astronaut. 2005 May-Jun; 56(9-12):1017-24. PMID: 15838948.
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    56. Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep; 88(9):4502-5. PMID: 12970330.
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    57. Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Krause JA, Brainard GC. Growth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Jun; 79(3):313-20. PMID: 12846415.
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    58. Glickman G, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Wang J, Cooper H, Brainard GC. Inferior retinal light exposure is more effective than superior retinal exposure in suppressing melatonin in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2003 Feb; 18(1):71-9. PMID: 12568246.
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    59. Rosenzweig S, Reibel DK, Greeson JM, Brainard GC, Hojat M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students. Teach Learn Med. 2003; 15(2):88-92. PMID: 12708065.
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    60. Boulos Z, Macchi MM, St?rchler MP, Stewart KT, Brainard GC, Suhner A, Wallace G, Steffen R. Light visor treatment for jet lag after westward travel across six time zones. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002 Oct; 73(10):953-63. PMID: 12398256.
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    61. Glickman G, Levin R, Brainard GC. Ocular input for human melatonin regulation: relevance to breast cancer. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Jul; 23 Suppl 2:17-22. PMID: 12163843.
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    62. Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Krause JA, Brainard GC. Light during darkness, melatonin suppression and cancer progression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Jul; 23 Suppl 2:52-6. PMID: 12163849.
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    63. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Rollag MD. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci. 2001 Aug 15; 21(16):6405-12. PMID: 11487664.
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    64. Reibel DK, Greeson JM, Brainard GC, Rosenzweig S. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life in a heterogeneous patient population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001 Jul-Aug; 23(4):183-92. PMID: 11543844.
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    65. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Barker FM, Sanford B, Stetson MH. Influence of near-ultraviolet radiation on reproductive and immunological development in juvenile male Siberian hamsters. J Exp Biol. 2001 Jul; 204(Pt 14):2535-41. PMID: 11511669.
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    66. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Greeson J, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Sanford B. Human melatonin regulation is not mediated by the three cone photopic visual system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan; 86(1):433-6. PMID: 11232036.
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    67. Brainard GC, Rollag MD, Hanifin JP, van den Beld G, Sanford B. The effect of polarized versus nonpolarized light on melatonin regulation in humans. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Jun; 71(6):766-70. PMID: 10857374.
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    68. Brainard GC, Kavet R, Kheifets LI. The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature. J Pineal Res. 1999 Mar; 26(2):65-100. PMID: 10100735.
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    69. Brainard GC, Beacham S, Sanford BE, Hanifin JP, Streletz L, Sliney D. Near ultraviolet radiation elicits visual evoked potentials in children. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Mar; 110(3):379-83. PMID: 10363758.
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    70. Brainard GC, Rollag MD, Hanifin JP. Photic regulation of melatonin in humans: ocular and neural signal transduction. J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Dec; 12(6):537-46. PMID: 9406028.
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    71. Sanford BE, Beacham S, Hanifin JP, Hannon P, Streletz L, Sliney D, Brainard GC. The effects of ultraviolet-A radiation on visual evoked potentials in the young human eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996 Dec; 74(6):553-7. PMID: 9017040.
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    72. Ruberg FL, Skene DJ, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, English J, Arendt J, Brainard GC. Melatonin regulation in humans with color vision deficiencies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Aug; 81(8):2980-5. PMID: 8768862.
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    73. Brainard GC, Barker FM, Hoffman RJ, Stetson MH, Hanifin JP, Podolin PL, Rollag MD. Ultraviolet regulation of neuroendocrine and circadian physiology in rodents. Vision Res. 1994 Jun; 34(11):1521-33. PMID: 8023464.
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    74. Schiffman JS, Lasch HM, Rollag MD, Flanders AE, Brainard GC, Burk DL. Effect of MR imaging on the normal human pineal body: measurement of plasma melatonin levels. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994 Jan-Feb; 4(1):7-11. PMID: 8148559.
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    75. Gaddy JR, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Pupil size regulation of threshold of light-induced melatonin suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Nov; 77(5):1398-401. PMID: 8077340.
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    76. Stewart KT, Gaddy JR, Byrne B, Miller S, Brainard GC. Effects of green or white light for treatment of seasonal depression. Psychiatry Res. 1991 Sep; 38(3):261-70. PMID: 1754638.
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    77. Oren DA, Brainard GC, Johnston SH, Joseph-Vanderpool JR, Sorek E, Rosenthal NE. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with green light and red light. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Apr; 148(4):509-11. PMID: 2006698.
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    78. Doghramji K, Gaddy JR, Stewart KT, Rosenthal NE, Brainard GC. 2- versus 4-hour evening phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990 Apr; 178(4):257-60. PMID: 2319234.
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    79. Stewart KT, Gaddy JR, Benson DM, Byrne B, Doghramji K, Brainard GC. Treatment of winter depression with a portable, head-mounted phototherapy device. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990; 14(4):569-78. PMID: 2236584.
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    80. Gaddy JR, Stewart KT, Byrne B, Doghramji K, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Light-induced plasma melatonin suppression in seasonal affective disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990; 14(4):563-8. PMID: 2236583.
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    81. Brainard GC, Lewy AJ, Menaker M, Fredrickson RH, Miller LS, Weleber RG, Cassone V, Hudson D. Dose-response relationship between light irradiance and the suppression of plasma melatonin in human volunteers. Brain Res. 1988 Jun 28; 454(1-2):212-8. PMID: 3409004.
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    82. Brainard GC, Watson-Whitmeyer M, Knobler RL, Lublin FD. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune parameters. Photoperiod control of the spleen in Syrian hamsters. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988; 540:704-6. PMID: 3207300.
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    83. Knobler RL, Brainard GC, Perreault M, D'Imperio C, Phenix P, Lublin FD. Immune effects of intracerebral infection with mouse hepatitis virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988; 540:642-4. PMID: 2849906.
      Citations:    
    84. Benshoff HM, Brainard GC, Rollag MD, Lynch GR. Suppression of pineal melatonin in Peromyscus leucopus by different monochromatic wavelengths of visible and near-ultraviolet light (UV-A). Brain Res. 1987 Sep 15; 420(2):397-402. PMID: 3676772.
      Citations:    
    85. Chen HJ, Brainard GC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin given in the morning prevents the suppressive action on the reproductive system of melatonin given in late afternoon. Neuroendocrinology. 1980 Aug; 31(2):129-32. PMID: 7190229.
      Citations:    
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